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toy <§ Ductile Ironyft.
The trends described above are preserved
figuration
in real, viscous flows. The main effect of vis
n modern
cosity on the flow over a body is the creation of
ght. With-
drag caused by skin friction and flow separa
n is more AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SPE
relatively tion, which create a boundary layer around
the body and a wake downstream from the
This crit- DUCTILE IRON RELIAB
body. It is this boundary layer on the lower
he vehicle.
” surface of the body that alters the forces just
described. Instead of a discontinuity existing 1. WHY GF
as the cylinder comes into contact with the
ater upon PR EC ISI
wall, the boundary layer causes a gradual tran
drag.
' to potein sition from negative to positive lift before the Molten graj
cylinder actually touches the surface. The
here is no metal, high
height above the wall at which the lifting force
plane par- making it id]
changes directions depends upon the size of
e cylinder, demanded t
the cylinder, the velocity of the flow and the
der to the low solidific;
relative thickness of the boundary layer on the
>re rapidly tolerances . .
* lower surface of the cylinder. The thicker the
ds toward heat, wear, z
boundary layer, the greater the height at
the plane today’s long
which the reversal occurs. The ground clear-
irection of neers specify
ince of most cars and the thick boundary lay
is created, Today’s sleek automobiles are almost 20% gray and castings in a
ers on their undersurfaces are such that a
masses into ductile iron . . . four times more than any other cast low-cost gra
>ositive lift is created. As in the case of the
er is sub- metal. your product
ehicle drag, the situation may be altered in
above the This wide acceptance by designers in the world’s
(Continued on next page)
largest industry is due to a combination of unique
properties unequalled in any other material. Rigid and
hydraulically sound, gray and ductile irons can be cast AWAR
4
in a wide range of complex shapes with excellent heat
3
and wear resistance. Alloying or heat treating meet
N LESS 2 varying requirements of hardness and strength. While
SPACE flow improving product performance, cast iron usually
1 lowers cost by reducing expensive fabrication.
o
0 As in the automotive industry, iron castings can
well reduce the cost and improve the products of
-1 your company.
-2 TYPICAL AUTOMOTIVE IRON CASTINGS
-3 PART DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
•1 01 234 5678 1. Brake Drum Heat shock, wear resistance
Relative height — h/r This novel pis
2. Clutch Plate High machinability, non-galling
EFFECT OF HEIGHT ABOVE SURFACE circular shape
ARTRIDGE ON LIFT OF CIRCULAR CYLINDER 3. Compression Piston Ring High endurance, oil-retention strates how pi
4. Crankshaft High elastic modulus, good bearing
EATERS surface sis can be app
5. Intake and Exhaust Manifold Non-scaling, non-warping
a Resistance to centrifugal force, low cost A product c
q. in. 6. Fly Wheels
7. Hydraulic Master and Wheel Smooth wear-resistant bore, hydraulic Motors Corp.,
inal heat trans- Cylinders soundness
20 pressure again
ath, and higher 8. Cylinder Block and Head Damping, machinability, wear resistance
al construction sumption, lenj
9. Power Steering Housing Hydraulic soundness and strength
dly. ciency. Cast to
Also generator mounting brackets, water pumps, valve guides, door
nventional car hinges, housings. a winner in th<
at at less cost.
10
)ers to choose
’ulcan Electric,
SEND FOR FREE
SUMMARY OF SPECIFICATIONS
0
180 150 135 120 90 Handy guide features common specific
ations for gray, ductile, white and high
Separation angle in degrees —O
alloy irons. Helps keep specifications up
SEPARATION EFFECTS ON LIFT AND to date. Circle reader service card or
DRAG OF SEMICIRCULAR CYLINDER write direct.
MOVING IN CONTACT WITH A SURFACE
Circle Service No. 124
I G N N
